ShodhSamajik: Journal of Social Studies, is a half-yearly journal of studies focused on social studies, in which research papers are published in Hindi and English language. This journal combines all topics related to social studies. The Social studies is a field of study that focuses on people, societies, and how they interact with each other and their environments. The main objective of the journal is to help individuals develop a deeper understanding of the complex world they live in, encouraging critical thinking, informed decision-making, and active participation in civic and community life through research publication. Editor-in-chief: Dr. Tina Porwal (Ph.D., Maharani Laxmibai Girls P.G. College, Indore, India) Managing Editor: Dr. Tina Porwal (Ph.D., Maharani Laxmibai Girls P.G. College, Indore, India)
GENDERED REALITIES AND RIGHTS A CRITICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S AWARENESS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN NALBARI DISTRICT ASSAM
Although the discussion of human rights has evolved significantly on a global and regional level, women in rural India continue to have unequal access to and knowledge of these rights. This study examines the level of human rights awareness among women in Assam's Nalbari district, a place where sociocultural norms and economic disadvantage combine to produce distinct gendered realities. By means of qualitative interviews and survey-based data collection, the study finds a troubling discrepancy between lived experiences and formal legal rights. Although many women are generally aware of their fundamental rights, they nevertheless lack specific information about legal protections against domestic abuse, property rights, and political involvement. This disparity reflects what Nussbaum (2000) calls women's "capability failure," in which systemic societal impediments prevent institutional frameworks from empowering women. (Nussbaum, 2000, p. 98) The study also looks at how local government, civil society organizations, and education affect people's understanding of their rights. It concludes that women's knowledge of their rights under Indian constitutional law and international human rights frameworks is much enhanced by having access to education and participating in self-help groups or women's NGOs. However, the scope of these programs is frequently restricted, especially for women from underprivileged caste and tribal backgrounds. The results are consistent with those of Agnes (1999), who emphasized the systemic injustices that support gendered legal consciousness in India. (Agnes, 1999, pp. 112-115) The study emphasizes the critical need for locally based, culturally relevant, and context-sensitive legal literacy and human rights education initiatives, especially in areas like Nalbari where traditional patriarchy still shapes gender relations. (Mohanty, 2003, p. 142)
Copyright (c) 2025 ShodhSamajik: Journal of Social Studies
CONTRIBUTION OF THE ROLE OF LEFTIST IDEOLOGY IN INDIAN POLITICS: A HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT
This paper provides a historical assessment of the role of leftist ideology in Indian politics. Its objective is to critically analyze the impact of leftist parties and movements on the Indian social, economic, and political landscape, from pre-independence to the present. Key Findings and Contributions: The research found that leftist ideology has significantly influenced key policy areas such as land reforms (particularly in Kerala and West Bengal), the protection of labor rights, and the establishment of the Public Distribution System. At the non-parliamentary level, it has played a key role in organizing peasant and labor movements and bringing social justice issues into the national discourse. Limitations and Evaluation: The historical assessment also shows that leftist parties have faced electoral challenges and diminished relevance due to ideological shifts at the global and national level (such as economic liberalization). This research concludes that although the left's electoral presence has diminished, its ideological contribution has left an indelible mark on India's democratic and socio-economic structure, indirectly forcing mainstream politics to focus on the issues of the poor and marginalized.
THE RISE AND REGULATORY OVERSIGHT OF INSURANCE AGGREGATOR PLATFORMS: IMPACT ON POLICYHOLDER CHOICE AND LITERACY IN INDIA
Insurance web aggregators have emerged as transformative intermediaries in India's insurance distribution ecosystem, fundamentally altering how consumers access and purchase insurance products. This paper examines the regulatory framework governing these digital platforms, their impact on consumer choice and decision-making, and their role in enhancing insurance literacy. Through analysis of market data, regulatory documents, and consumer behavior patterns, the study reveals that while aggregators have significantly improved transparency and accessibility— contributing to explosive market growth from ₹19.3 billion (2021) to a projected ₹179.26 billion (2035) —persistent challenges remain. Insurance penetration stands at only 4.2% of GDP, with acute literacy deficits particularly in rural areas. The emergence of Bima Sugam as neutral Digital Public Infrastructure represents a watershed moment that could potentially double insurance penetration by addressing systemic barriers around accessibility, trust deficits, and conflicts of interest inherent in commission-driven models. This research contributes to understanding how digital intermediation platforms can balance commercial incentives with social objectives of universal financial security, offering policy recommendations for enhancing consumer protection while fostering innovation.
STUDY ON REAL ESTATE ECOSYSTEM AND CLIENT ENGAGEMENT
The real estate ecosystem in India has undergone a significant transformation in recent years due to rapid urbanisation, regulatory reforms, and increasing consumer awareness. However, despite this evolution, challenges such as inconsistent documentation, opaque dealings, and the rise of non-compliant intermediaries continue to erode customer trust. This research examines the structural, operational, and behavioural dimensions of the real estate ecosystem, with a specific focus on understanding how client engagement influences decision-making, transaction transparency, and overall market stability. Through an analytical assessment of consultancy practices, customer interaction models, and service delivery patterns, the study identifies the key determinants that shape buyer confidence and long-term satisfaction. The paper also evaluates the strategic role of real estate consultants in bridging information gaps, mitigating risks, and fostering ethical, client-centric practices. The findings highlight that effective engagement—characterised by communication clarity, credibility, and verified knowledge—significantly enhances trust, reduces hesitation, and promotes sustainable real estate participation. This study ultimately contributes to the growing literature on real estate professionalism by emphasising the need for structured engagement frameworks that align market growth with ethical responsibility.
AN ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PRACTICES IN CLIENT DISPUTE RESOLUTION
The investigation not only reveals a singular but also multifaceted nature of the relationship between accounting technologies and the financial record management process in a firm that provides audit, taxation, and consultancy services. The adoption of digital accounting systems such as Tally Prime has brought about the complete extinction of manual bookkeeping, thus leading to the migration of firms toward fully automated financial management. Among the software benefits being trials are the reduction of human errors, the speed of data processing, and finally, improved decision-making. The researcher adopted descriptive and mixed-method research approaches, making use of both primary data (obtained through observation and interaction with staff) and secondary data (from accounting manuals and software documentation). The research reveals that Tally Prime tremendously boosts efficiency, cuts down human errors to a minimum, and secures compliance with legal standards. However, the firm continues to experience a number of issues such as inadequate user training, the need for data synchronization, and system updates. One of the conclusions drawn from the research is that the use of accounting software is a key factor in uplifting the professionalism of accountants in terms of accuracy, speed, and transparency of financial record-keeping.
CORRUPTION, INSTITUTIONS, AND DEVELOPMENT: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE
Corruption remains one of the most persistent impediments to sustainable development, particularly in developing and transitional economies. This study investigates the relationship between corruption, institutional strength, and economic development using a political economy framework. By analyzing hypothetical cross-national data from 15 developing nations, the research highlights how institutional quality significantly mediates the impact of corruption on growth, governance, and social equity. Findings suggest that countries with stronger institutions experience reduced corruption effects on GDP growth and better human development outcomes. The study concludes that anti-corruption policies must focus not merely on punitive measures but on strengthening transparency, judicial independence, and citizen oversight mechanisms.
THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF MICRONUTRIENT-RICH RECIPES IN ENHANCING IMMUNITY AMONG WOMEN
Women’s health and immunity are profoundly influenced by micronutrient adequacy, dietary diversity, and physiological demands at different life stages. Micronutrient deficiencies—particularly of iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D, and folate—are major contributors to compromised immunity, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of micronutrient-rich recipes designed using affordable, locally available ingredients, within the framework of Home Science and preventive nutrition. A hypothetical 8-week dietary intervention model was constructed using micronutrient-dense recipes incorporating green leafy vegetables, millets, pulses, seeds, nuts, and fortified dairy. Participants (n=60) were divided into two groups: a control group consuming a regular diet and an intervention group consuming formulated recipes providing ≥70% Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for key micronutrients. The hypothetical results showed a significant increase in serum hemoglobin (by 15%), vitamin D status (by 18%), and immune response index (by 22%) among women in the intervention group. These findings suggest that functional food formulation through balanced, micronutrient-rich recipes can be an effective, low-cost strategy to enhance immune competence among women. This study underscores the potential of Home Science-driven recipe formulation in translating nutritional science into community-level health improvement programs focused on women’s immunity, wellbeing, and dietary empowerment.
THE HISTORY OF THE RAM TEMPLE AND 21ST-CENTURY POLITICS: A SOCIO-POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPLE MOVEMENT
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the historical development of the Ram Temple movement and its far-reaching socio-political impact on 21st-century Indian politics. The primary objective of this study is to examine how a regional and religious issue transformed into a successful religious nationalist movement that fundamentally challenged the traditional definition of Indian secularism and reshaped the country's electoral landscape. Methodologically, this research uses a Historical Institutional Approach, which involves a qualitative analysis of primary sources (judicial judgments, political manifestos) and secondary academic literature (works on identity politics and Hindutva). The findings demonstrate that the temple movement was not merely a legal or religious dispute, but rather a powerful vehicle for the rise of cultural nationalism, catalyzing the polarization of political parties in the 1990s. In the 21st century, particularly after the 2019 Supreme Court verdict, the movement has cemented a lasting electoral foundation for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), further establishing religion-based identity politics within the Indian political mainstream. This paper argues that the resolution of the Ram Temple issue not only marks the end of a historical chapter but also signals the emergence of a neo-secular state, where majority religious identities have gained unprecedented legitimacy in political discourse.
TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC PRACTICES OF BIRHOR TRIBE OF CHHATTISGARH AND ITS RELEVANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Indian tribes are known for their rich ethnic and cultural heritage but due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, they have been losing their unique identity. Rapid urbanization and industrialization have further endangered their culture, eroding their traditional beliefs, language, and practices. Among all these tribes of India, Birhor is one of the most endangered tribes, and it is on the verge of extinction. It is, therefore, necessary to investigate the evolving socio-cultural patterns of the vulnerable "Birhor" tribe and to put appropriate strategies and programs in place for the self-initiated preservation of indigenous tribal culture and identity. The studies on the Birhor tribes focus on either their traditional economic practices or their cultural erosion due to urbanization, but few have comprehensively analyzed how these economic adaptations influence their identity and long-term survival. Additionally, while the impact of government policies on their settlement patterns has been noted, there is limited research on how these policies have affected their livelihood sustainability and access to resources. This study state about the understanding of the inter-community dynamics between the Birhor and other tribal groups, particularly how social discrimination shapes their economic opportunities.
IMPACT OF VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS (REALISTIC VS. CARTOON VS. NO VISUALS) ON READINGCOMPREHENSION IN 9–11-YEAR-OLDS
Reading comprehension is a cornerstone of cognitive development and lifelong learning. As visual materials increasingly accompany textual content, their pedagogical function extends beyond aesthetic appeal—they shape attention, understanding, and memory. Yet, the nature of visuals most effective for comprehension, particularly within Indian primary classrooms, remains underexplored. This study investigates the differential impact of realistic, cartoon, and no-visual formats on reading comprehension among 400 Indian children aged 9–11 years. The research is grounded in Dual-Coding Theory (Paivio, 1986) and Cognitive Load Theory (Mayer, 2009), integrating the policy vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 toward multimodal and experiential learning. Participants were assigned to one of three visual conditions and tested for factual recall, inferential reasoning, and engagement using standardized reading materials. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, t-tests, correlations) revealed that realistic visuals significantly outperformed cartoon and text-only formats in comprehension accuracy and inferential reasoning, while cartoon visuals achieved the highest engagement scores but slightly lower comprehension depth. Text-only formats yielded the weakest performance, emphasizing the cognitive importance of visuals as scaffolding tools. The study concludes that visuals should be treated as cognitive instruments—structured to aid information integration, schema activation, and motivation—rather than decorative supplements. The results provide actionable guidelines for textbook designers, publishers, and educators under NEP 2020, bridging psychology, design, and pedagogy for evidencebased literacy design.
THE COMING OF PRINT: THE ROLE OF MISSIONARIES AND COLONIALISM IN SHAPING A NEW MIZO IDENTITY
This paper explores the transformation of Mizo identity through the transition from orality to print in the Lushai Hills. It traces the profound cultural shifts initiated by British colonialism and Christian missionary intervention in the late 19th century. Traditionally, Mizo society relied on oral narratives, communal storytelling, and performative rituals to transmit memory, knowledge, and values. The arrival of missionaries such as J.H. Lorrain and F.W. Savidge marked a pivotal moment, as they not only introduced Christianity but also formal education and print technology. This transition inaugurated a new epistemological order, replacing oral cosmologies with written scripture and modern texts, and fostering the emergence of a distinctly Christian-Mizo identity. By examining key themes—including the replacement of oral traditions, the ideological role of print, and the reconfiguration of historical consciousness through works like Mizo Chanchin Laisuih- the paper investigates how Mizo identity was reshaped through a fusion of indigenous and Western worldviews. It argues that this transformation was not merely one of cultural erosion but a negotiated rearticulation of identity that integrated Christian faith, colonial governance, and modern textual practices
ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL INNOVATIONS OF SRIMANTA SANKARDEVA: A HISTORICAL EXPLORATION OF ENDURING TRADITIONS IN ASSAM
In medieval Assam, the great saint-scholar Srimanta Sankardeva (1449–1568 CE) established a wide range of creative and cultural achievements that have persisted till the present day. He changed the socio-cultural landscape of the area by establishing new literary genres (Borgeets, Ankia Naat), performing arts (Bhaona, Sattriya dance), visual arts (Vrindavani Vastra, mask art, temple architecture), and institutional structures (Namghars, Sattras). In addition to being aesthetically pleasing, these developments were intricately linked to the devotional philosophy of Ekasarana Dharma, which places a strong focus on social equality, communal involvement, accessibility, and moral reform. Under Sankardeva's tutelage, the interaction of traditional idioms, vernacular language, and classical antecedents allowed the artistic forms to endure, adapt, and become part of Assamese identity throughout generations, as well as to proliferate quickly during his own lifetime. Specifically, the utilization of theater and music helped close the literacy gap, and the visual and material arts provided focal points for devotion, education, and community identity. In order to understand how and why the artistic and cultural forms that Sankardeva started survived, what changes they endured, and how they still influence Assamese culture now, this study explores their nature, origin, evolution, and ongoing resonance. It highlights distinctive elements by contrasting them with other regional Bhakti movements and drawing on literary works, historical documents, oral traditions, and modern creative activity. The investigation's main focus is on the functions of organizations like Sattras and Namghars, the relationship between art and religious devotion, and the ways in which Sankardeva's inventions became ingrained in popular culture. According to the findings, Sankardeva's inventions endure not just because of tradition but also because of their adaptability, collective ownership, and the cultural infrastructures he helped create, such as temple halls, monastic institutions, and performance spaces.
Copyright (c) 2024 ShodhSamajik: Journal of Social Studies
SUSTAINABLE SANITATION MANAGEMENT IN RURAL INDIA: A NATIONAL CHALLENGE
The UNDP's Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 aims to ensure clean drinking water and sanitation for all by 2030 worldwide. The government of India launched the "Clean India Mission" in 2014 to make India clean and hygienic. This program was to ensure a clean environment all over the India and to eliminate open defecation before 2nd October 2019. At present, the Ministry of Jal Sakti has declared India open and defecation-free after providing toilet facilities to every household. However, toilet construction is not the only solution to the sanitation crisis. There are also other emerging challenges to deal with, such as waste management in a sustainable form and finding opportunities in the waste management sector. Therefore, there is a strong need to adopt a sustainable framework for sanitation waste management to strengthen capacity building. The present study explains sustainable development in the waste management sector, specifically in the rural context. The study is based on reviews of various research papers and reports. It says that sustainability should guide the government's implementation of sanitation programs and policies. A sustainable sanitation framework must be economically viable, socially cancelable, easily maintainable, technologically appropriate with various technology choices, and environmentally friendly. The study broadly explains four kinds of sustainability in this sector: (1) technological sustainability, (2) behavioral sustainability, (3) sustainability in program delivery, and (4) sustainable community toilets. The present study explores the challenges and existing opportunities in waste management in rural areas. However, the present government has introduced some national schemes, such as the National Bioenergy Frame Program 2022, the Govardhan Scheme 2018, and the SATAT schemes, resulting in positive results. More than 30 percent of households in India have door-to-door solid waste collection services, which the government of India is providing. This sector has many challenges in maintaining sustainability, but every challenge brings an opportunity, so this sector has been introducing many employment opportunities to rural people.
A STUDY OF THE CHANGING TREND OF DRUG ADDICTION AMONG URBAN YOUTH (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UJJAIN CITY)
With the changing times, every segment and group of society is transforming itself. Along with the sources of material life and happiness, the youth living in cities are also changing their habits and behavior. This change is having a direct impact on society, but negative effects are also visible. Urban youth are now replacing the commonly used drugs with new drugs that have become fashionable. "The pervasive preoccupation, confusion, snatching, fraud, and chaos have poisoned life, causing humanity to become so lost in the glare of material prosperity that, in its pursuit of happiness, it has become alienated from its sources and lost its strength and spontaneity. Today, an atmosphere of instability, peace, and restlessness pervades society, and everyone is stressed." These changes have brought happiness and joy to the youth, but their plight has plunged society into a grave crisis. In this study, we have conducted an individual study of 10 individuals on the basis of which this qualitative research work has been completed.
Changing Drug Addiction Trends Among Urban Youth
Impact of Changing Drug Substances on Youth
PUBLIC MAN AND PRIVATE WOMAN: AN ANALYSIS OF RADHIKA YADAV’S CASE
The murder of Radhika Yadav by her father is an important case as it addresses many problematic issues that still afflict our sociocultural environment in India. The deeply entrenched patriarchal institutions continue to impact our social interactions and familial affairs in ways that ultimately lead to the degradation of human life. In this paper, this case is examined from multiple perspectives to understand the backdrop within which it has taken place. The important lessons that can be drawn from this particular case, from a policymaking and lawmaking point of view, are also of significant importance in this paper.
EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION: THE ROLE OF SELF-HELP GROUPS IN HARYANA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
This study delves into the significance of female involvement in economic advancement, particularly emphasising the influence of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) within the region of Haryana. The active participation of women in the economy is crucial for realising gender parity and promoting enduring economic development. In spite of the remarkable advancements achieved within the state's economic landscape, pronounced gender inequalities continue to endure, especially in rural regions where women encounter substantial marginalisation in both decision-making processes and access to economic prospects. This study delves into the significant impact of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) on uplifting the economic standing of women in Haryana. It highlights how these groups facilitate access to vital financial resources, foster skill enhancement, and promote entrepreneurial ventures. This underscores the significant impact of governmental programs, like the SHG-Bank Linkage Initiative, in fostering the empowerment of women in rural areas. These efforts have facilitated their journey towards achieving financial autonomy and playing an active role in enhancing the local economic landscape. This study delves into the examination of information derived from the involvement in Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and microfinance initiatives, highlighting the profound impact these collectives have on enhancing the socio-economic status of women in Haryana. Furthermore, it explores the wider ramifications for the contribution of women to the economic landscape of India moving forward.
Women Empowerment, Economic Development, Self-Help Groups, Microfinance, Gender Equality, Haryana
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND GENDER DISPARITIES OF CHILD LABOUR IN HARYANA'S NCR DISTRICTS
This paper looks into the spatial pattern, occupational pattern and gender inequality of child labour in the districts of Haryana with reference to NCR areas. Using the 2021 Census and other recent research findings, the study discusses the geographical distribution of child labour prevalence, noting the role of urbanization, industrialization and farming system. It highlights areas of high, moderate, low and very low child labour participation and indicates how rural areas are major contributors in the determination of child labour patterns. It is even more noteworthy that the districts like Jind, Bhiwani and Charkhi Dadri have higher rates of child labour, mainly in primary sector activities whereas the districts which are more urbanized, like Gurugram and Faridabad have lower rates of child labour with more participation in the tertiary sectors. The paper also examines the gender aspect of child labour whereby child labour amongst females is more concentrated in the rural areas particularly in primary activities whereas male child labour is more concentrated in primary, secondary and tertiary activities. Moreover, the study also examines the differences between primary and marginal child labour and concludes that marginal child labour is still a major issue, especially in the areas which are rapidly industrializing. This paper will highlight what policy interventions are required to alleviate child labour in Haryana, and these are improving education, economic opportunities, and toughening of law enforcement.
Child Labour, Haryana, Spatial Distribution, Rural And Urban Areas, Main And Marginal Workers, Gender Disparities, Occupational Structure
TOWARDS CONTINUOUS CHANGES THROUGH INTERACTING PROCESSES WITH SYNERGETIC SELF-REGULATION ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF HARMONY
Nature consists of many interconnected complex processes that continuously interact at different levels. These interactions create a harmonious dynamic system of nature. The natural system as complex continuously interacting processes with synergetic self-regulation according to the law of harmony emphasizes the importance of interrelations, synergy and harmony in nature as a whole. Synergetic self-regulation implies changes in interactions between the processes of the system that cannot be explained by simply adding up the properties of individual processes. Interactions can strengthen or weaken each other, which leads to adaptation and a change in the state of the system. The law of harmony in nature implies that a natural changeable system has the ability to self-regulate and harmonize processes. Interacting processes with synergetic self-regulation according to the law of harmony in public life are of current importance in the formation of the international world order.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF MODERN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH CARE PRACTICES DURING PREGNANCY
This paper is an investigation of maternal health practices in Jampur, Punjab, Pakistan using anthropological qualitative methods. With the phenomena of globalization, the revolution of Medical Sciences has also reached right up to the developing countries like Pakistan, however there are some issues. The study offers insights into the historical changes in maternal health practices and the increasing awareness of children’s developmental milestones. It emphasizes the underprivileged status of peasants and describes the differences in the medical staff focus on city versus rural clients. In this paper, socio-cultural determinants relevant for women’s pregnancy and child rearing practices in Jampur are explored. People tended a decade ago to be unaware of issues concerning maternal health and regarded parental investment into child development as unnecessary as it was a natural event. Though this understanding has improved owing to diverse projects, social networking, and internet, absence of classroom teaching impedes the cause. Money hungry ventures in the development sector and the pharmaceutical capsule industry fleece struggling individuals for profit while it is the center cities that impoverish the villages through budget centers marginalizing them. This paper draws attention to such practices and their consequences with child and maternal health practices in perspective.
ATTACHMENT TO DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY SITUATIONS: A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
This article explores the complex phenomenon of attachment[1] to dysfunctional family situations, a phenomenon that cannot be fully understood without considering the intricate interplay between individual psychological factors and socio-cultural dynamics. Beginning with an analysis of the impact of early caregiving experiences on the formation of internal working models (IWMs)[2] and on psychological well-being[3] in adulthood, the article delves into the roles of familiarity, homesickness (Heimweh)[4], and fear of the unknown in perpetuating maladaptive dynamics, even when individuals are aware of their detrimental effects. Particular attention is given to the defense mechanism of splitting, often employed to cope with painful and contradictory family realities, but which can hinder the crucial process of individuation-separation[5]. The influence of intergenerational trauma[6] and projective identification[7] processes in the construction of pathogenic family ties is examined through a broad sociological lens. Specifically, it analyzes how socioeconomic factors, cultural norms, social support networks, and access to resources contribute to shaping family dynamics, either promoting or hindering the breaking of dysfunctional patterns and the pursuit of healthier relationships. This article aims to provide a holistic understanding of this phenomenon by integrating psychological insights with empirical evidence from sociological research. Finally, intervention strategies are proposed to foster autonomy and personal growth, enabling individuals to free themselves from the "family nest trap"[8] through both individual psychological work and a commitment to social empowerment and greater social equity. The article emphasizes the importance of narrative reconstruction[9] (Ricoeur, 1990) as a means of re-elaborating one's family history and constructing new, more adaptive meanings, and the ethics of care[10] (Gilligan, 1982) as a guiding principle for building healthy interpersonal relationships and a more supportive and inclusive society.
POLITICS AS A PATH TO HAPPINESS (REFLECTIONS ON AL-FĀRĀBĪ’S ISLAMIC SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY)
Islamic politics echoed as ideal ideals in studies of Islam can be applied in various joint life nations and states. In the context of Indonesianness, things thus can be realized using the idea of politics as road happiness initiated by al-Farabi. Although Indonesia is not an Islamic country it will, al-Fārābī’s ideas can become a prototype for building a country to use present happiness in the middle society. Islamic politics al-Fārābī focuses on the position of the ideal leader as a prophet or philosopher—someone who has the capacity and thus can govern the country based on religious wisdom. Therefore, al-Fārābī also classifies countries based on their leaders. The better the leader, the better the country, and things Likewise apply on the contrary. Research This nature is descriptive-analytical based on the study bibliography. The thoughts of Fārābī that colored Islamic studies have a broad impact on the world to create a leading country that can present happiness in the middle to its people through road politics. Reflection on al-Fārābī’s thought can applied to study area in a matter. This is Indonesianness, which presents a leader with character, personality, religion, and peak wisdom at every state leadership level.
SIGNIFICANCE OF GREEN AUDIT AND GREEN CAMPUS FOR OBTAINING THE NAAC ACCREDITATION
Green campus is not only the must requirement for the educational institution on ground reality but it is also mandatory according to the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) guidelines. The requirement and modes of the green campus can be fulfilled by the green audit. Green Audit is a comprehensive tool for evaluating the environmental performance of the organizations, including its impact on natural resources, waste generation, and energy use which helps to identify and assess the impact of its operations on the environment. In the higher education domain, Green Audit has gained significant importance, especially during the NAAC grade inspection. The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) is a body that assesses the quality of higher education institutions in India and with the increasing concern for environmental protection, institutions are now required to conduct green audits to assess their environmental impact. The present study uses a descriptive research design to examine the relationship between green auditing and NAAC grade inspection. The data was collected from various sources, including published literature, case studies and surveys. The findings of the study reveal that green audit plays a vital role in obtaining higher grade in NAAC inspection. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the NAAC grading system, the importance of green audits, the green audit process in higher education institutions, the benefits of implementing sustainable practices in higher education institutions. The paper also presents case studies of institutions that have successfully obtained higher NAAC grades through the implementation of green audit practices.
TECHNOLOGY AND AI—IMPACT ON COUNTRY’S GROWTH AND UNEMPLOYMENT
This study examines the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption on economic growth and unemployment across G7 countries and India. As AI emerges as a transformative technology, there is a need to understand its effects on labour markets and develop appropriate policy frameworks. The research analyses historical patterns of automation and technological change to provide context for the current AI revolution. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative statistical analyses with qualitative assessments. Variables examined include GDP growth rates, R&D investment levels, AI adoption rates, and productivity gains. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, regression models, and cluster analyses were conducted to identify relationships between key variables. Results reveal a significant technology adoption gap between high-tech leaders and developing economies. A growth paradox was observed in developing tech economies, where rapid AI adoption did not necessarily translate to proportional economic gains. The research found complex relationships between technological advancement, unemployment rates, and investment levels across countries. Cluster analysis identified three distinct groups: Advanced Economies, Technology Leaders, and Developing Tech Economies. ANOVA and chi-square tests confirmed statistically significant differences between these clusters. Multiple regression analysis on unemployment rates provided insights into the factors influencing job displacement. Key findings include: 1) AI adoption shows potential to significantly boost GDP growth and productivity, though effects vary by country. 2) The relationship between technological progress and unemployment is nuanced, defying simplistic narratives. 3) Investment levels strongly correlate with technological advancement, but other factors also play important roles. 4) Leaders in AI adoption exhibit certain common characteristics, offering potential lessons for other nations. The study concludes that while AI presents substantial opportunities for economic growth, its benefits are not uniformly distributed. Policymakers must develop strategies for inclusive growth, equitable access to technological advancements, and robust safety nets to address potential economic stratification. Future research directions are suggested to further explore the long-term implications of AI on global economies and labour markets. This research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on AI's societal impact and provides evidence-based insights to inform policy decisions in an era of rapid technological change. The findings underscore the need for nuanced, context-specific approaches to AI adoption and regulation across different economic contexts.
SAPT SINDHU CIVILIZATION: SOME SOCIOLOGICAL INSIGHTS
This article examines the rediscovery of the Sapt Sindhu civilization and its contemporary significance in shaping India’s cultural and political identity. Scholars, nationalists, and cultural theorists, among others, have played an essential role in searching for and reconstructing this civilization. Rooted in the ancient Indus Valley civilization, the Sapt Sindhu has come to symbolize India’s historical unity and cultural continuity. The article explores how this rediscovery is used to strengthen national pride, particularly in the context of a diverse and pluralistic society. Drawing on sociological insights, it analyzes the ways in which the narrative of the Sapt Sindhu is employed to construct a unified national identity, often at the expense of complex social realities such as caste, regionalism, and gender. Through a critical examination of historical texts, contemporary political discourse, and media representations, the article underscores the potential for such idealized representations of the past to either unify or divide, depending on their use. The methodological approach is rooted in the sociological analysis of national identity formation, cultural memory, and the politics of history. By using theories of collective memory, social identity, and post-colonialism, the study explores how the Sapt Sindhu narrative is both a tool for social cohesion and a potential site of exclusion for marginalized groups. The article concludes by advocating for a more inclusive understanding of India’s cultural history, one that respects the diversity of its social structures and addresses the needs of contemporary society.
SOUTH AFRICA' S ELECTORAL PROCESS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ITS POLITICAL HISTORY, DYNAMICS AND IMPLICATIONS
This paper offers a critical analysis of South Africa's electoral process, examining its historical evolution, political dynamics, and implications for governance. Against the backdrop of the African National Congress (ANC)'s loss of its parliamentary majority for the first time since 1994, and the rise of opposition parties like the Democratic Alliance (DA), the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), and the new MK party, this paper walks through relevant literature, drawing upon conceptual frameworks, empirical studies, and theoretical perspectives to provide an informed opinion of South Africa's evolving electoral process. By synthesising past electoral trends, the 2024 election results, and emerging socio-political phenomena, it sheds light on the complexities inherent in South Africa's democracy. The paper argues that the changing political situation, marked by the decline in ANC support and the growing influence of opposition parties, pose significant challenges and opportunities for the country's future governance and democratic consolidation. It proposes specific recommendations to address these challenges and capitalise on the opportunities, aiming to inform both academic inquiry and practical policymaking.
THE OVERALL CONDITION OF BILASPUR DISTRICT DURING THE MARATHA PERIOD
Bimbaji Bhonsle was the first Maratha ruler of Ratanpur State. He exercised direct rule in Ratanpur. During his reign, administrative functions continued to operate in accordance with the Kalchuri system of governance. There were no major changes in governance. After Bimbaji Bhonsle's death, Vyankoji Bhonsle became the ruler of Chhattisgarh. He decided to rule from Nagpur and appointed his representative in Ratanpur. This marked the beginning of the Subedari system. The Subedari system had become synonymous with plunder in Chhattisgarh. The Subedar was the supreme authority in the administration. Due to the distance from Nagpur and the poor means of transportation, a vacuum was visible between the Nagpur ruler and Ratanpur. This vacuum was exploited by the appointed Subedar. Administrative changes were carried out by the second Subedar, Vitthalrao Dinkar. He introduced the Pargana system. The old administrative strongholds were converted and divided into Parganas. The Marathas established a total of 27 Parganas.
DIGITAL INDIA IN 21ST CENTURY: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
The 21st century shows an era of unprecedented digital transformation, positioning India at the edge of a technological revolution with its ambitious "Digital India" initiative. This article deals with the multifaceted landscape of Digital India, exploring the profound challenges and abundant opportunities it presents. By aiming to create a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy, the initiative strives to bridge the digital divide, enhance e-governance, and foster economic growth through digital inclusion. Key challenges such as infrastructural inadequacies, cybersecurity threats, digital literacy deficits, and regional disparities in access to technology are critically examined. The article also addresses the complexities of implementing large-scale digital projects in a diverse and populous country like India. Conversely, the opportunities presented by Digital India are vast. The initiative has the potential to revolutionize various sectors, including healthcare, education, agriculture, and finance, through the integration of digital technologies. It promises to enhance efficiency, transparency, and accessibility, thereby driving socio-economic development. The rise of a robust digital ecosystem can promote innovation, entrepreneurship, and job creation, positioning India as a global digital leader. This research paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the strategic measures needed to overcome the challenges and leverage the opportunities inherent in Digital India. Through case studies, policy analysis, and stakeholder perspectives, it offers insights into the path forward for realizing the vision of a digitally empowered India in the 21st century. By balancing the discourse between potential hurdles and strategic opportunities, this research paper aims to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on India's digital future.
TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC INSTITUTION OF NYISHI OF KAMLE DISTRICT, ARUNACHAL PRADESH
The traditional economic activities of mankind were to great extent regulated by prevailing ecology and environment. In every human society the main objective of economics was to satisfy the physical means of subsistence of people. The distinct living conditions due to its geographical barriers and history of long isolation from the mainstreams, the economic life of Nyishi of Kamle District, Arunachal Pradesh like other societies, has been continuously evolving and has undergone many changes on different lines as compared to the rest of the country. They remained confined to their respective society and evolved their own economic institutions having certain unique features. The evolution and growth of the economic life of the people has been very slow and appeared to be unchangeable before the dawn of India’s independence in 1947. It has been seen that the traditional economy of people resolved around the natural world and its forces. Thus, their traditional economic life was different from rest of the people of India. And this difference was more marked in the method of agriculture, hunting, fishing and livestock etc which were the most important economic activities for them in their hilly terrains.
MEDITATION AND MINDFULNESS IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
Meditation and mindfulness have been integral to Indian philosophical traditions for millennia, functioning as tools for achieving self-awareness, spiritual growth, and liberation (moksha). This paper explores the historical, theoretical, and practical dimensions of meditation and mindfulness within key Indian philosophical schools, including Vedanta, Yoga, and Buddhism. Through examining ancient texts and contemporary interpretations, this study highlights how these practices have evolved and influenced global thought on well-being and mental health.