ShodhSamajik: Journal of Social Studies, is a half-yearly journal of studies focused on social studies, in which research papers are published in Hindi and English language. This journal combines all topics related to social studies. The Social studies is a field of study that focuses on people, societies, and how they interact with each other and their environments. The main objective of the journal is to help individuals develop a deeper understanding of the complex world they live in, encouraging critical thinking, informed decision-making, and active participation in civic and community life through research publication. Editor-in-chief: Prof. Alok Kumar Gupta (Professor, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, School of Social Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Manatu Village, Ranchi, Jharkhand , India) Managing Editor: Dr. Tina Porwal (Ph.D., Maharani Laxmibai Girls P.G. College, Indore, India)
INTERTEXTUALITY AND THE COLLECTIVE FORMATION OF WORLD LITERATURE
Literature should be understood not as the exclusive creation of any single nation, but as a collective outcome of shared human experience across cultures and historical periods. Literary traditions develop through continuity and exchange, forming a network of relationships in which texts inherit, reshape, and respond to one another. In an age marked by globalization and rapid technological advancement, interactions among nations have become increasingly visible, making literary interconnectedness not only apparent but unavoidable. This dynamic process of textual interaction is commonly described as intertextuality. Intertextuality operates within literary works through multiple forms of social and cultural contact. Forces such as religion, trade, warfare, migration, economic change, and, more recently, digital media and communication technologies play decisive roles in enabling the circulation of ideas, narratives, and forms. Since literature reflects the societies from which it emerges, these interactions inevitably surface within literary texts. As a result, literary scholarship often focuses on identifying similarities and transformations across cultures, examining how shared experiences are expressed through recurring themes, formal structures, and stylistic choices.
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VISUAL STORYTELLING IN CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE: AN OVERVIEW
Graphic novels and comics have emerged as a significant form of contemporary literature, blending visual artistry with narrative storytelling. Once considered a niche or popular culture medium, they are now recognized for their literary, artistic, and cultural value. This paper explores the evolution of comics and graphic novels, their structural and aesthetic characteristics, thematic diversity, and their role in education, identity formation, and social commentary. By examining both Western and global perspectives, including the rise of manga and Indian graphic storytelling, this study highlights the transformative potential of visual narratives and their growing relevance in literary studies.
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THE HISTORY OF THE RAM TEMPLE AND 21ST-CENTURY POLITICS: A SOCIO-POLITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPLE MOVEMENT
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the historical development of the Ram Temple movement and its far-reaching socio-political impact on 21st-century Indian politics. The primary objective of this study is to examine how a regional and religious issue transformed into a successful religious nationalist movement that fundamentally challenged the traditional definition of Indian secularism and reshaped the country's electoral landscape. Methodologically, this research uses a Historical Institutional Approach, which involves a qualitative analysis of primary sources (judicial judgments, political manifestos) and secondary academic literature (works on identity politics and Hindutva). The findings demonstrate that the temple movement was not merely a legal or religious dispute, but rather a powerful vehicle for the rise of cultural nationalism, catalyzing the polarization of political parties in the 1990s. In the 21st century, particularly after the 2019 Supreme Court verdict, the movement has cemented a lasting electoral foundation for the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), further establishing religion-based identity politics within the Indian political mainstream. This paper argues that the resolution of the Ram Temple issue not only marks the end of a historical chapter but also signals the emergence of a neo-secular state, where majority religious identities have gained unprecedented legitimacy in political discourse.
IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ADVERTISING ON CONSUMER BUYING DECISIONS
The advent of social media advertising has created significant opportunities for enterprises to engage with consumers by disseminating promotional content directly via digital platforms. In India, there is a growing trend among consumers to depend on social media platforms for information pertaining to products and services, which plays a crucial role in shaping their purchasing decisions. Individuals frequently pursue advertisements that provide valuable information, demonstrate credibility, and capture their interests before finalising their purchasing decisions. Social media advertising has become a crucial tool for marketers looking to shape consumers' behaviours. The interaction between marketers and consumers on social media platforms is ongoing, resulting in a more dynamic and consumer-focused advertising landscape. In the current landscape, it is crucial to analyse consumers' perceptions of social media advertising and its influence on their purchase decisions. This study aims to investigate the correlation between social media advertising and consumers' purchasing behaviours. The research involved a sample of 180 participants who regularly engage with social media platforms and are subject to online advertising exposure in Palakkad. The study used convenience sampling techniques for participant selection, and a structured questionnaire was implemented as the primary instrument for data collection. The methodologies used to achieve the research objectives include descriptive analysis, multiple regression and one-way ANOVA. The findings indicate a reliability coefficient of 86.2%. The data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between elements of social media advertising and consumers' purchasing decisions. The findings indicate that factors such as age, education, annual income, and occupation have a notable impact on consumers' purchasing behaviours.
Copyright (c) 2026 ShodhSamajik: Journal of Social Studies
SOCIAL MEDIA AS A CATALYST FOR PROTEST MOBILISATION AGAINST SEXUAL VIOLENCE: DIGITAL ACTIVISM, CELEBRITY INFLUENCE AND OFFLINE PARTICIPATION IN INDIA
Social media platforms increasingly function as critical sites for mobilisation, meaning-making, and collective action in response to violent crime. This study examines how social media facilitated public mobilisation, awareness generation, and protest participation following the rape and murder of a postgraduate trainee doctor at a public hospital in Kolkata in 2024. Drawing on survey data from 80 active social media users aged 18 and above, the research analyses patterns of online activism, the role of celebrity interventions, and the translation of digital outrage into offline protest participation. Findings indicate that while social media significantly amplifies awareness and symbolic solidarity, it only partially translates into sustained physical participation in protest marches. Concerns regarding misinformation and selective trust in public figures further complicate digital mobilisation. The study contributes to criminological and justice-oriented scholarship by highlighting the limits and possibilities of digital activism in contemporary movements against gender based violence.
ALCOHOL BAN AND POPULIST POLICIES: NEW DIMENSIONS OF WOMEN'S POLITICS IN BIHAR
This research paper focuses on the changing role and electoral behavior of women in contemporary Bihar politics. Traditionally, Bihar's politics has revolved around caste equations, but in the last two decades, 'gender' has emerged as an independent and decisive political category. The main objective of this research is to analyze how the liquor ban (2016) and other populist policies implemented by the Nitish Kumar government (such as the Chief Minister's Bicycle Scheme and the Jeevika Mission) have transformed women voters into an organized 'vote bank'. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the paper explores how these policies have not only increased women's voter turnout but also strengthened their political consciousness and agency. Data analysis clearly indicates that women voting in greater numbers than men signals the emergence of a new 'silent voter' in Bihar. In conclusion, this paper argues that policies like the liquor ban have established a new 'social contract' between the state and its female citizens, alongside social reform, although the challenges and political limitations of its implementation also require reconsideration.
THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TRADE BARRIERS AND PROTECTIONIST POLICIES ON DOMESTIC INDUSTRIES, CASE STUDY OF CURRENT US TARIFFS ON CHINA AND INDIA
This study examines the economic impacts of US tariffs on China and India from 2021-2025 through two primary objectives. The first objective analyzes domestic US effects on employment and GDP growth using quarterly regression models. The second objective assesses corresponding impacts on China and India via pre/post-tariff trade data comparisons. Regression analysis of quarterly data tests hypotheses that tariffs yield no net US macroeconomic gains (H1) and impose losses on exporting nations (H2). Employing regression analysis validation across 20 quarters per country, the study reveals protectionism's asymmetric consequences. Domestic results challenge conventional free-trade theory while supporting infant industry arguments for targeted sectors. Foreign impacts confirm retaliatory trade channel dominance, with China demonstrating greater vulnerability than diversified India. Policy implications emphasize calibrated tariffs over universal protectionism, prioritizing employment-vulnerable sectors while mitigating supply chain disruptions. The findings inform strategic trade policy amid ongoing US-China-India tensions as of January 2026.
THE INDIAN CASTE SYSTEM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION: A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
This research paper analyzes the structural and functional changes occurring in the caste system in contemporary India as a result of the dual processes of industrialization and urbanization. Traditionally, Indian society has been a hierarchical system based on the principles of 'purity and pollution'. However, rapid industrial development has weakened the traditional link between caste and occupation by promoting occupational mobility. This study demonstrates that urbanization has reduced social distance through anonymity and physical proximity, leading to the near elimination of practices like untouchability in public spaces. The findings of the research indicate that while the 'ritualistic' aspect of caste has declined, its 'secular' aspect has been strengthened due to democratic politics and identity consciousness. Ultimately, this paper argues that under the influence of modernity, caste has not completely disappeared, but has adapted itself to a class-based society, which can be termed 'caste adaptation' in sociological terminology.
METRO MANILA AT FIFTY: POVERTY, DENSITY, AND GOVERNANCE
Metro Manila at fifty highlights the contradictions between economic progress and persistent inequality. Despite having the lowest poverty incidence in the Philippines at only 1.1% of families in 2023, the urban poor continue to face overcrowding, precarious housing, and stigmatization in times of crisis. This study examined the intersection of poverty, density, and governance through official statistics and qualitative accounts from disaster risk and political studies. Findings reveal that official poverty data often conceal lived vulnerabilities, particularly among informal settlers whose experiences are shaped by overcrowding and inadequate services. Political dynasties remain dominant in the governance structure, creating barriers to inclusive development and citizen participation. Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic further illustrates how high-density, impoverished areas suffered disproportionately due to weak social protection and moral labeling of communities as “pasaway.” These results underscore that poverty in Metro Manila is not solely an issue of economic deprivation but also of governance and spatial vulnerability. The study concludes that reforms in governance, improved measures of deprivation, and stronger citizen engagement are essential to achieve an inclusive and resilient future for the metropolis.
BRIDGING POLICY AND PEOPLE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON PUBLIC TRUST IN GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
Public trust in government institutions is a central pillar of democratic governance, effective public policy, and social cohesion. In the Philippine local governance context, where citizens most frequently encounter the state through policy implementation and service delivery, concerns regarding declining trust have been linked to perceptions of corruption, weak transparency, uneven service quality, and limited citizen participation. This qualitative study examines how citizens experience government institutions across salient policy arenas, particularly local administrative services, health and social welfare programs, and law enforcement, and how these experiences shape trust in institutions, officials, and policy outcomes. The study employed a qualitative design informed by phenomenological sensibilities and utilized reflexive thematic analysis to examine lived experiences, attitudes, and interpretations of governance and policy implementation. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 adult community members who had direct and recent engagement with local government institutions. Analysis generated five interrelated themes: (1) transparency and accountability in policy processes, (2) quality and consistency of public service delivery, (3) perceived integrity and corruption in institutional practices, (4) government communication in routine and crisis contexts, and (5) inclusion and citizen participation in decision-making. Findings indicate that public trust is not produced solely by formal policy design but is continuously negotiated through everyday encounters between citizens and government institutions. Trust is strengthened when policies are implemented fairly, communicated clearly, and aligned with citizens’ expectations and lived realities. The study concludes that bridging policy and people requires inclusive governance arrangements, ethical leadership, and sustained two-way communication, and it offers policy-relevant recommendations to enhance trust at the local level.
FROM RITUAL TO REVENUE: TOURISM AND THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CULTURAL COMMODIFICATION IN KERALA
Breathtaking landscapes and unique traditions best describe the destination of Kerala, from the vibrant ritual of Theyyam to the classical dance drama of Kathakali and the grand festivals of Onam and Vishu. However, in its eagerness to entice tourists, most of these cultural practices are transformed from meaningful community rituals into marketable products for global consumption. The core of this commodification is the turn from tradition into performance here, sacred rituals like Theyyam, though deeply bound with Kerala's caste systems and spiritual practices, are now staged for tourist entertainment. The spiritual and communal values that characterise such rituals are diluted so that they fit within the expectations of tourism: profound cultural expressions become spectacles. This, in turn, makes these practices less authentic and strips away their cultural depth, although it makes them more accessible. This study explores how Kerala's rich cultural heritage is being commodified by tourism under the pressures of capitalism and how the transformations that follow have changed the culture and the people of Kerala. The paper also touches on the model of "responsible tourism" Kerala has lately adopted, with a veneer of fattening local communities and sustainability. It often conceals the deeper issue of exploitation. Local artists and cultural practitioners are pushed to tailor their traditions for tourists, leaving little room for agency or ownership over how their heritage is represented. The commercialisation of Kerala culture will benefit the more significant stakeholders in tourism, while the local community finds itself caught between balancing cultural preservation and economic survival. This paper highlights how capitalism operates within Kerala's tourism sector by examining these dynamics. While tourism brings economic benefits, it also introduces challenges, as the culture that draws visitors is commodified and sold.
NAVIGATING PITFALLS OF INDIA’S SOFT POWER POLITICS IN SOUTH ASIA: A CASE OF INDIA’S HUMANITARIAN AID TO NEPAL
India’s soft power strategy in South Asia has long been characterized by its extensive humanitarian aid efforts, particularly in neighboring countries like Nepal. While these efforts have been instrumental in enhancing India’s image and strengthening diplomatic ties, they have also encountered significant challenges. This paper examines the complexities and pitfalls of India’s soft power politics through a detailed analysis of its humanitarian aid to Nepal. By exploring the dual nature of these initiatives—combining altruistic motives with geopolitical ambitions—this study seeks to illuminate the limitations and unintended consequences of India’s soft power strategy in the region. To this end, the study assesses Indian aid to Nepal in several critical contexts including flood relief in the Terai region and Southern Nepal (1997, 2002, 2007), Operation Maitri’s extensive relief and reconstruction initiatives, post-earthquake efforts in 2018 and 2024, and ongoing flood support (2021, 2023). These cases illuminate how humanitarian aid is used as a tool for blending altruistic and geopolitical and strategic interests. The study explores the implications of this humanitarian diplomacy for India’s foreign policy and regional stability, contributing to the broader discourse on how such aid can both enhance diplomatic standing and projecting soft power. It further addresses the challenges and drawbacks India faces in refining its diplomatic approach and strengthening its geopolitical influence in South Asia.
THE CONCEPT OF DHARMA: SCOPE AND COMPLEXITIES
The concept of Dharma has been and continues to be one of the most debated concepts. It is often associated with religion or one's duty towards fellow beings. However, the meaning and scope of the concept of Dharma are much broader and constantly expanding. Another misconception surrounding this concept is that it is synonymous with Hinduism or the Hindu religion in general. Therefore, in this article, the authors have attempted to discuss in detail the scope of the concept of Dharma and dispel several misconceptions, negative moral doubts, and superficial arguments surrounding the term. The authors have also described the complexities inherent in this term in detail. The concept of Dharma is inclusive and its interpretation goes beyond faith, religion, God, and any supernatural entity. Therefore, it is essential that students of political thought and others be aware of the social and political ideas of the great thinkers who laid the foundation of Indian social and political institutions. The authors have attempted to highlight the rich traditions of the concept of Dharma in this article, as it has evolved since ancient times, and Indians should rediscover the relevance of this concept by preserving the traditions of "Why Dharma" and the essential religious traditions of India. The rich religious traditions present within the Indian knowledge tradition may become an inspiration for other religious denominations, regardless of their caste, race, color, and creed. The authors conclude that the concept of religion cannot be defined in any single way and cannot be limited to any particular faith or belief system.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MOUNTBATTEN PLAN AND ITS IMMEDIATE CONSEQUENCES ON THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
This research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the plan presented by Lord Mountbatten on June 3, 1947, which permanently altered the political destiny of the Indian subcontinent. The primary objective of this research is to explore the circumstances under which the British government advanced the predetermined deadline of June 1948 to August 1947. The paper critically evaluates whether this "undue haste" in the transfer of power was responsible for the unprecedented violence and human tragedy that unfolded during the partition of India. The research highlights the administrative and strategic failures that led to one of the largest displacements in history and widespread communal riots. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the provisions of the plan that left the future of the princely states in limbo, giving rise to long-standing disputes such as the Kashmir conflict. Ultimately, this research concludes that while the Mountbatten Plan succeeded in breaking the political deadlock, it inflicted wounds on the subcontinent whose consequences are still being felt by both nations today.
ANALYSIS OF MUSAHAR CASTE WOMEN WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF CULTURAL STRUCTURALISM
The living standards of Indian women depend on their social structure. Indian society is divided on the basis of caste, in which women are also assigned a hierarchical position. The division between upper and lower castes has also influenced the lifestyle of women through cultural structuralism. The lives of Musahar caste women, who are marginalized in society and included in the constitutionally recognized Scheduled Castes, are an example of intense suffering and endless struggles. The root causes of this are economic deprivation, social neglect, and a severe lack of democratic or institutional participation. Their personal lifestyle also contributes to their tragic existence. This paper compares Musahar caste women with women from other communities, discussing their living conditions, food habits, and the specific challenges they face. Their lives are marked by the pain of displacement in their pursuit of education, health, and livelihood. A ground-level analysis of all these points has been presented in this article.
GRATITUDE’S IMPACT ON RESILIENCE IN ADOLESCENTS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
This study, titled "Gratitude Unveiled: Exploring Emotional Resilience in Male and Female Adolescents with Physical Disabilities," delves into the gratitude levels of 102 participants aged 25-40 in Bihar and UP, using the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6). Gratitude dimensions were assessed, with males exhibiting higher scores in Dimensions 1, 4, and 5, and lower scores in Dimension 3. Females displayed slightly elevated scores in Dimensions 1, 4, and 5, with lower scores in Dimension 3. Aggregated data revealed a moderate overall gratitude level, highlighting individual variability. ANOVA results indicated no significant differences in gratitude levels between genders. Correlation analysis explored relationships between gratitude dimensions and demographic factors, revealing noteworthy interdimensional associations. These findings contribute insights into gratitude among adolescents with physical disabilities, crucial for tailoring interventions to support their emotional well-being within this demographic.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF WOMEN'S LEADERSHIP IN THE 18TH LOK SABHA ELECTIONS
Women's political leadership in India has undergone remarkable transformation over the past few decades, and the 18th Lok Sabha elections represent an important milestone in this transformation. This paper provides an analytical study of the significance of women's leadership during the 18th Lok Sabha elections. It includes a detailed discussion of historical trends, socio-political contexts, challenges faced by women candidates, and their impact on electoral outcomes and democratic governance. The study utilizes secondary literature, newspaper reports, election analyses, government publications, and scholarly research, which demonstrates that increased participation of women as voters, candidates, and members of Parliament is transforming India's democratic structure. The research findings clearly demonstrate that women leaders have played a crucial role in shaping development policies, raising gender-sensitive issues, strengthening voter participation, and strengthening inclusive governance. This research demonstrates that increasing women's representation is essential not only for ensuring gender equality but also for deepening democracy, the sustainability of good governance, and balanced national development. The study highlights the need for policy recommendations such as the full implementation of the Women's Reservation Act, the need for comprehensive political training programs, and gender-responsive reforms in political parties.
ALGORITHMIC POLICING AND DUE PROCESS IN CYBERCRIME INVESTIGATIONS: A CONSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS UNDER ARTICLES 14, 19 AND 21 OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
The increasing reliance on artificial intelligence in cybercrime investigation has significantly altered the manner in which policing power is exercised in India. Law enforcement agencies now employ algorithmic tools for surveillance, pattern detection, suspect identification, and predictive assessment of digital behaviour. While these technologies promise efficiency and enhanced investigative capacity, they simultaneously raise serious constitutional concerns. This paper critically examines whether AI-driven cybercrime investigations are compatible with the guarantees of equality, freedom, and personal liberty enshrined under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution of India. It argues that algorithmic policing challenges foundational principles of due process by introducing opaque decision-making, automated suspicion, and data-driven profiling that risk diluting the traditional requirement of reason to believe in criminal investigations. Through a doctrinal analysis of constitutional jurisprudence, statutory provisions governing surveillance and digital evidence, and emerging scholarly discourse on algorithmic governance, the paper contends that the current deployment of AI in cyber policing operates in a constitutional grey zone. The study concludes that without explicit legislative regulation, enforceable standards of transparency and explainability, and meaningful human and judicial oversight, algorithmic policing may undermine procedural fairness and constitutional accountability rather than strengthen the rule of law in India.
LEGAL AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: BALANCING INNOVATION, RESPONSIBILITY, AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly transformed modern societies, permeating sectors ranging from health care and criminal justice to education and public administration. While AI systems promise efficiency and innovation, they simultaneously generate significant legal and ethical dilemmas. This article explores the dual nature of AI as both a driver of progress and a source of regulatory and moral challenges. Legally, the discussion addresses liability gaps in autonomous decision-making, algorithmic bias, and data ownership under emerging frameworks such as the EU AI Act and UNESCO’s Ethics of AI. Ethically, it examines tensions between human autonomy and technological determinism, accountability deficits in self-learning systems, and implications for human dignity. The research argues that effective AI governance must be grounded in transparency, human oversight, and moral accountability, integrating legal safeguards with ethical obligations. By adopting an “Ethics-by-Design” approach, societies can reconcile innovation with the imperatives of justice and human rights. The article concludes that only through a convergent legal and ethical framework can AI evolve as a genuinely responsible technology serving human welfare.
THE COMING OF PRINT: THE ROLE OF MISSIONARIES AND COLONIALISM IN SHAPING A NEW MIZO IDENTITY
This paper explores the transformation of Mizo identity through the transition from orality to print in the Lushai Hills. It traces the profound cultural shifts initiated by British colonialism and Christian missionary intervention in the late 19th century. Traditionally, Mizo society relied on oral narratives, communal storytelling, and performative rituals to transmit memory, knowledge, and values. The arrival of missionaries such as J.H. Lorrain and F.W. Savidge marked a pivotal moment, as they not only introduced Christianity but also formal education and print technology. This transition inaugurated a new epistemological order, replacing oral cosmologies with written scripture and modern texts, and fostering the emergence of a distinctly Christian-Mizo identity. By examining key themes—including the replacement of oral traditions, the ideological role of print, and the reconfiguration of historical consciousness through works like Mizo Chanchin Laisuih- the paper investigates how Mizo identity was reshaped through a fusion of indigenous and Western worldviews. It argues that this transformation was not merely one of cultural erosion but a negotiated rearticulation of identity that integrated Christian faith, colonial governance, and modern textual practices
AUTONOMY AND PERFORMANCE OF DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN INDIA A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF CONGRESS VS. NON-CONGRESS RULE
This research paper presents a comparative assessment of the efforts made by Congress and non-Congress governments in establishing and preserving democratic values ​​in Indian politics. Within the context of India's complex democratic journey, this study examines the fundamental question of whether the nature of the ruling party (a long-dominant single party versus short-lived coalition parties) has shaped the trajectory of the country's democratic institutions, federalism, civil liberties, and social justice. The research aims to conduct a historical-comparative analysis of major periods of governance from the 1950s to the present, utilizing primary and secondary data on constitutional amendments, center-state relations (particularly the use of Article 356), and civil liberties cases. Preliminary findings suggest that while Congress rule often prioritized stability and centralized development, events like the Emergency represented a nadir in the erosion of civil liberties. On the other hand, non-Congress or coalition governments often placed greater emphasis on federal diversity and electoral reforms, but their policies sometimes exhibited risks of ideological polarization and institutional instability. This research sheds light on the evolutionary patterns of Indian democracy and concludes that the establishment of democratic values ​​is not the sole domain of any single party, but rather a result of the changing nature of governance priorities and political accountability over time. This study will make a significant contribution to policymakers and scholars in understanding the future trajectory of Indian governance.
EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION: THE ROLE OF SELF-HELP GROUPS IN HARYANA'S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
This study delves into the significance of female involvement in economic advancement, particularly emphasising the influence of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) within the region of Haryana. The active participation of women in the economy is crucial for realising gender parity and promoting enduring economic development. In spite of the remarkable advancements achieved within the state's economic landscape, pronounced gender inequalities continue to endure, especially in rural regions where women encounter substantial marginalisation in both decision-making processes and access to economic prospects. This study delves into the significant impact of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) on uplifting the economic standing of women in Haryana. It highlights how these groups facilitate access to vital financial resources, foster skill enhancement, and promote entrepreneurial ventures. This underscores the significant impact of governmental programs, like the SHG-Bank Linkage Initiative, in fostering the empowerment of women in rural areas. These efforts have facilitated their journey towards achieving financial autonomy and playing an active role in enhancing the local economic landscape. This study delves into the examination of information derived from the involvement in Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and microfinance initiatives, highlighting the profound impact these collectives have on enhancing the socio-economic status of women in Haryana. Furthermore, it explores the wider ramifications for the contribution of women to the economic landscape of India moving forward.
Women Empowerment, Economic Development, Self-Help Groups, Microfinance, Gender Equality, Haryana
IMPACT OF VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS (REALISTIC VS. CARTOON VS. NO VISUALS) ON READINGCOMPREHENSION IN 9–11-YEAR-OLDS
Reading comprehension is a cornerstone of cognitive development and lifelong learning. As visual materials increasingly accompany textual content, their pedagogical function extends beyond aesthetic appeal—they shape attention, understanding, and memory. Yet, the nature of visuals most effective for comprehension, particularly within Indian primary classrooms, remains underexplored. This study investigates the differential impact of realistic, cartoon, and no-visual formats on reading comprehension among 400 Indian children aged 9–11 years. The research is grounded in Dual-Coding Theory (Paivio, 1986) and Cognitive Load Theory (Mayer, 2009), integrating the policy vision of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 toward multimodal and experiential learning. Participants were assigned to one of three visual conditions and tested for factual recall, inferential reasoning, and engagement using standardized reading materials. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, t-tests, correlations) revealed that realistic visuals significantly outperformed cartoon and text-only formats in comprehension accuracy and inferential reasoning, while cartoon visuals achieved the highest engagement scores but slightly lower comprehension depth. Text-only formats yielded the weakest performance, emphasizing the cognitive importance of visuals as scaffolding tools. The study concludes that visuals should be treated as cognitive instruments—structured to aid information integration, schema activation, and motivation—rather than decorative supplements. The results provide actionable guidelines for textbook designers, publishers, and educators under NEP 2020, bridging psychology, design, and pedagogy for evidencebased literacy design.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND GENDER DISPARITIES OF CHILD LABOUR IN HARYANA'S NCR DISTRICTS
This paper looks into the spatial pattern, occupational pattern and gender inequality of child labour in the districts of Haryana with reference to NCR areas. Using the 2021 Census and other recent research findings, the study discusses the geographical distribution of child labour prevalence, noting the role of urbanization, industrialization and farming system. It highlights areas of high, moderate, low and very low child labour participation and indicates how rural areas are major contributors in the determination of child labour patterns. It is even more noteworthy that the districts like Jind, Bhiwani and Charkhi Dadri have higher rates of child labour, mainly in primary sector activities whereas the districts which are more urbanized, like Gurugram and Faridabad have lower rates of child labour with more participation in the tertiary sectors. The paper also examines the gender aspect of child labour whereby child labour amongst females is more concentrated in the rural areas particularly in primary activities whereas male child labour is more concentrated in primary, secondary and tertiary activities. Moreover, the study also examines the differences between primary and marginal child labour and concludes that marginal child labour is still a major issue, especially in the areas which are rapidly industrializing. This paper will highlight what policy interventions are required to alleviate child labour in Haryana, and these are improving education, economic opportunities, and toughening of law enforcement.
Child Labour, Haryana, Spatial Distribution, Rural And Urban Areas, Main And Marginal Workers, Gender Disparities, Occupational Structure
CORRUPTION, INSTITUTIONS, AND DEVELOPMENT: A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE
Corruption remains one of the most persistent impediments to sustainable development, particularly in developing and transitional economies. This study investigates the relationship between corruption, institutional strength, and economic development using a political economy framework. By analyzing hypothetical cross-national data from 15 developing nations, the research highlights how institutional quality significantly mediates the impact of corruption on growth, governance, and social equity. Findings suggest that countries with stronger institutions experience reduced corruption effects on GDP growth and better human development outcomes. The study concludes that anti-corruption policies must focus not merely on punitive measures but on strengthening transparency, judicial independence, and citizen oversight mechanisms.
THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF MICRONUTRIENT-RICH RECIPES IN ENHANCING IMMUNITY AMONG WOMEN
Women’s health and immunity are profoundly influenced by micronutrient adequacy, dietary diversity, and physiological demands at different life stages. Micronutrient deficiencies—particularly of iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D, and folate—are major contributors to compromised immunity, fatigue, and increased susceptibility to infections. This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of micronutrient-rich recipes designed using affordable, locally available ingredients, within the framework of Home Science and preventive nutrition. A hypothetical 8-week dietary intervention model was constructed using micronutrient-dense recipes incorporating green leafy vegetables, millets, pulses, seeds, nuts, and fortified dairy. Participants (n=60) were divided into two groups: a control group consuming a regular diet and an intervention group consuming formulated recipes providing ≥70% Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for key micronutrients. The hypothetical results showed a significant increase in serum hemoglobin (by 15%), vitamin D status (by 18%), and immune response index (by 22%) among women in the intervention group. These findings suggest that functional food formulation through balanced, micronutrient-rich recipes can be an effective, low-cost strategy to enhance immune competence among women. This study underscores the potential of Home Science-driven recipe formulation in translating nutritional science into community-level health improvement programs focused on women’s immunity, wellbeing, and dietary empowerment.
STUDY ON REAL ESTATE ECOSYSTEM AND CLIENT ENGAGEMENT
The real estate ecosystem in India has undergone a significant transformation in recent years due to rapid urbanisation, regulatory reforms, and increasing consumer awareness. However, despite this evolution, challenges such as inconsistent documentation, opaque dealings, and the rise of non-compliant intermediaries continue to erode customer trust. This research examines the structural, operational, and behavioural dimensions of the real estate ecosystem, with a specific focus on understanding how client engagement influences decision-making, transaction transparency, and overall market stability. Through an analytical assessment of consultancy practices, customer interaction models, and service delivery patterns, the study identifies the key determinants that shape buyer confidence and long-term satisfaction. The paper also evaluates the strategic role of real estate consultants in bridging information gaps, mitigating risks, and fostering ethical, client-centric practices. The findings highlight that effective engagement—characterised by communication clarity, credibility, and verified knowledge—significantly enhances trust, reduces hesitation, and promotes sustainable real estate participation. This study ultimately contributes to the growing literature on real estate professionalism by emphasising the need for structured engagement frameworks that align market growth with ethical responsibility.
GENDERED REALITIES AND RIGHTS A CRITICAL STUDY OF WOMEN’S AWARENESS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN NALBARI DISTRICT ASSAM
Although the discussion of human rights has evolved significantly on a global and regional level, women in rural India continue to have unequal access to and knowledge of these rights. This study examines the level of human rights awareness among women in Assam's Nalbari district, a place where sociocultural norms and economic disadvantage combine to produce distinct gendered realities. By means of qualitative interviews and survey-based data collection, the study finds a troubling discrepancy between lived experiences and formal legal rights. Although many women are generally aware of their fundamental rights, they nevertheless lack specific information about legal protections against domestic abuse, property rights, and political involvement. This disparity reflects what Nussbaum (2000) calls women's "capability failure," in which systemic societal impediments prevent institutional frameworks from empowering women. (Nussbaum, 2000, p. 98) The study also looks at how local government, civil society organizations, and education affect people's understanding of their rights. It concludes that women's knowledge of their rights under Indian constitutional law and international human rights frameworks is much enhanced by having access to education and participating in self-help groups or women's NGOs. However, the scope of these programs is frequently restricted, especially for women from underprivileged caste and tribal backgrounds. The results are consistent with those of Agnes (1999), who emphasized the systemic injustices that support gendered legal consciousness in India. (Agnes, 1999, pp. 112-115) The study emphasizes the critical need for locally based, culturally relevant, and context-sensitive legal literacy and human rights education initiatives, especially in areas like Nalbari where traditional patriarchy still shapes gender relations. (Mohanty, 2003, p. 142)
CONTRIBUTION OF THE ROLE OF LEFTIST IDEOLOGY IN INDIAN POLITICS: A HISTORICAL ASSESSMENT
This paper provides a historical assessment of the role of leftist ideology in Indian politics. Its objective is to critically analyze the impact of leftist parties and movements on the Indian social, economic, and political landscape, from pre-independence to the present. Key Findings and Contributions: The research found that leftist ideology has significantly influenced key policy areas such as land reforms (particularly in Kerala and West Bengal), the protection of labor rights, and the establishment of the Public Distribution System. At the non-parliamentary level, it has played a key role in organizing peasant and labor movements and bringing social justice issues into the national discourse. Limitations and Evaluation: The historical assessment also shows that leftist parties have faced electoral challenges and diminished relevance due to ideological shifts at the global and national level (such as economic liberalization). This research concludes that although the left's electoral presence has diminished, its ideological contribution has left an indelible mark on India's democratic and socio-economic structure, indirectly forcing mainstream politics to focus on the issues of the poor and marginalized.
THE RISE AND REGULATORY OVERSIGHT OF INSURANCE AGGREGATOR PLATFORMS: IMPACT ON POLICYHOLDER CHOICE AND LITERACY IN INDIA
Insurance web aggregators have emerged as transformative intermediaries in India's insurance distribution ecosystem, fundamentally altering how consumers access and purchase insurance products. This paper examines the regulatory framework governing these digital platforms, their impact on consumer choice and decision-making, and their role in enhancing insurance literacy. Through analysis of market data, regulatory documents, and consumer behavior patterns, the study reveals that while aggregators have significantly improved transparency and accessibility— contributing to explosive market growth from ₹19.3 billion (2021) to a projected ₹179.26 billion (2035) —persistent challenges remain. Insurance penetration stands at only 4.2% of GDP, with acute literacy deficits particularly in rural areas. The emergence of Bima Sugam as neutral Digital Public Infrastructure represents a watershed moment that could potentially double insurance penetration by addressing systemic barriers around accessibility, trust deficits, and conflicts of interest inherent in commission-driven models. This research contributes to understanding how digital intermediation platforms can balance commercial incentives with social objectives of universal financial security, offering policy recommendations for enhancing consumer protection while fostering innovation.